修剪和生长调节剂对青海云杉苗芽生长发育的影响

对5年生和7年生青海云杉苗进行了不同方式的修剪,同时用不同的生长调节剂对其主干和侧枝上的芽进行了处理,发现除去青海云杉顶芽,能够促进苗木侧芽和隐芽的生长发育,提高侧芽的抽枝率,增加新枝的生长量.不同种类的生长调节剂和修剪方式对青海云杉芽的生长发育影响效果显著不同,去顶芽修剪的效果优于纺锤形修剪和篱式修剪,对于7年生苗,主干上仅留3个饱满芽的强度修剪能明显地减少主干上的芽数,使抽枝数也随之减少,处理效果最差.去顶芽能够明显的增加当年新梢数量和长于6 cm的新梢总长度,同时还能增加当年新梢上冬芽数.6BA对青海云杉芽和枝条的生长发育有较好的促进作用,抽枝宝在各个修剪处理中表现均最差,甚至在一定程度上抑制了青海云杉芽的萌发和延长生长.修剪和生长调节剂处理对5年生苗侧枝芽抽枝数影响均极显著,而对7年生苗的影响却不显著;修剪和生长调节剂的交互作用明显地影响了对7年生苗的处理效果,而对5年生苗的影响不显著.去顶芽后再用6BA涂抹青海云杉苗上的保留芽,能有效地促进青海云杉保留芽的生长发育,有利于形成更多枝条,对青海云杉采穗圃苗的处理效果最佳,强度修剪和用抽枝宝抹芽不适于青海云杉采穗圃苗的培育.     

Interactions between soil scarification and Norway spruce seedling types

Interactions between scarification treatments and seedling types of Norway spruce were examined at two different locations in southern Sweden. The scarification treatments were not scarified control, mounding and soil inversion and the seedling types were a 10 week-old containerized seedling (mini seedling), a 2 year-old containerized seedling and a 2 year-old hybrid seedling, grown as a containerized seedling the first year and as a bare-root seedling the second year. Site preparation intensity had a greater effect on the mini seedlings. The results indicated that mini seedlings established faster in the soil inversion treatment compared to the larger seedling types. At the same seedling age, the mini seedlings had faster or similar growth rate as the containerized and the hybrid seedlings regardless of scarification treatment. Although mini seedlings grew as well as or even better than larger seedlings if they were successfully established, they were more sensitive to their planting environment and proper handling was critical. Problems with frost heaving and competing vegetation have to be taken into consideration when choosing site preparation method and seedling type.     

红松实生种子园建园技术研究

建立红松种子园,培育遗传品质优良的繁殖材料,对于发展扩大红松阔叶林资源,加快培育红松优质材后备资源,具有重要意义,同时还可为红松食用种子林建设提供重要参考。本文根据红松实生种子园系列研究结果和生产经验,总结提出了包括优树选择标准和方法、播种苗培育和定植方法在内的红松第一代实生种子园营建技术及包括土壤管理、树体管理、抚育管理、病虫害防治、档案管理等内容的红松第一代实生种子园的经营管理技术。     

Effects of selection felling and gap felling on forest arthropod communities: a case study in a spruce-beech stand of southern Bavaria

The effects of selection felling and gap felling on arthropod communities were studied over 3 years in a spruce-beech stand in southern Bavaria, Germany. The arthropods were sampled in three strata, using pitfall traps on the forest floor as well as flight-interception traps near the forest floor and in the tree crowns. Coleoptera, Araneae, Opiliones, Heteroptera, Isopoda, Diplopoda and Neuropterida were determined to species level and assigned to ecological guilds. In general, the effects of both treatments on arthropod communities were small. An increase of eurytopic species and species of open woodland as well as of indwellers of deadwood was observed, mainly in the first year after felling. However, forest species dominated the communities in all plots, strata and years. In contrast to selection fellings, gap fellings might favour potential pest species. Nevertheless, in the studied managed spruce-dominated forest site out of the natural growth range of spruce, negative ecological effects such as the repression of forest arthropod species are not expected by small scale fellings.     

红松苗木活力与相对电导率关系的研究

本文通过测定不同失水时间的红松苗木的相对电导率，分析相对电导率与红松苗木活力的关系，发现红松苗木活力与水分下降、电解质外渗有密切相关，因此，通过测定苗木相对电导率可预测苗木的活力。     

青海云杉种实害虫危害情况及综合治理调查分析

青海云杉的种实害虫有十几种，危害严重的有三种，即云杉球果小卷蛾、云杉蛀果斑螟和云杉梢斑螟，主要发生在甘肃祁连山林区。本文经过调查，根据青海云杉和种实害虫的生物学特性，提出加强青海云杉林的经营管理，尽量减少广谱性化学药剂的大面积使用；尽可能多的应用营林技术为主的、不杀伤天敌的防治措施，以达到青海云杉种实害虫综合治理的良性循环；并提出青海云杉种实害虫综合治理的策略、原则以及评价青海云杉种实害虫综合治理的步骤和方法。     

Bedeutung eines jahreszeitlich unterschiedlichen Einschlagszeitpunktes für das Trocknungsverhalten des Schnittholzes von Fichten (Picea abies (L.) Karst.)

Zusammenfassung:   Die vorliegende Untersuchung hat zum Ziel, die Auswirkungen eines jahreszeitlich unterschiedlichen Einschlagszeitpunktes von Fichten (Winter- und Sommereinschlag) auf die Dimensionsstabilität des daraus erzeugten Schnittholzes zu erfassen und zu quantifizieren. Hierzu wurden jeweils 12 Fichten aus Winter- und Sommereinschlag unmittelbar nach der Aufarbeitung im Bestand zu Bauschnittholz in praxisüblichen Dimensionen verarbeitet. Die Erfassung der trocknungsbedingten Verwerfungen des Schnittholzes erfolgte mittels Vermessung der Kantholzform vor und nach einer technischen Kammertrocknung (Zielfeuchte u = 15 ± 3%). Dabei zeigte sich, dass der saisonal unterschiedliche Zeitpunkt der Fällung der Bäume keinen statistisch abgesicherten Einfluss auf die durchschnittlichen Verwerfungen bzw. die Dimensionsstabilität der daraus erzeugten Kanthölzer hatte.     

Crack formation due to weathering of radial and tangential sections of pine and spruce

The development of cracks and changes in appearance have been investigated on radial and tangential sections of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce (Picea abies Karst.) after exposure outdoors for 61 months. The degradation of the sections has also been studied at the micro-level. The annual ring orientation was the most important factor affecting crack development on weathering. After 61 months of outdoor exposure, the tangential sections of spruce had 1.7-2.2 times greater mean total crack length per area unit than the corresponding radial sections. In pine, the total crack length per area unit on the tangential sections was 2.2-2.6 times greater than that on the radial sections. Tangential and radial sections show the same colour change as a result of weathering. Tangential sections have more and deeper cracks than radial surfaces. The cracks on the tangential sections occur frequently in both earlywood and latewood. On radial sections, cracks occur primarily at the annual ring borders, but to a certain extent also in the earlywood. Decomposition of the cell wall takes place in both radial and tangential cell walls, and cracks tend to follow the fibril orientation in the S2-layer of the cell wall. The radial cell wall of the earlywood has a large number of pits which are degraded at an early stage.     

白水江自然保护区麦吊云杉群落类型与垂直格局初步分析

麦吊云杉(Picea brachytyla)为我国二级重点保护植物,也是甘肃白水江国家级自然保护区针阔混交林带(2 100~2 900 m)主要的建群种之一。以第3次大熊猫调查植被数据为基础,以树种重要值为指标,分析了白水江保护区麦吊云杉群落的结构特征。结果表明:该保护区麦吊云杉群落按乔木重要值的大小可划分为10个亚群系,其中与糙皮桦(Betula utilis)和红桦(Betula albo-sinensis)形成的混交林分布最广;麦吊云杉的主要伴生树种为糙皮桦和红桦,其次为铁杉(Tsuga chinensis)、岷江冷杉(Abies chensiensis)、五裂槭(A-cer oliverianum)、泡花树(Meliosma dilleniifolia)、华山松(Pinus armandi)等;麦吊云杉群落从低海拔向高海拔的递变规律是由与温性针阔叶树种华山松、铁杉、糙皮桦、红桦等组成的亚群系向与寒温性针叶树冷杉等形成亚群系递变。     

黄土高原寒区青海云杉人工林地土壤水分物理特性研究

对黄土高原高寒区的青海云杉人工林林地的土壤水分物理性质进行了实地观测和分析(主要采用野外实测土壤水分再分布的方法,对入渗后不同土层土壤的水分再分布过程及低吸力段土壤水分特征作了研究),发现该林地在枯落物及林下植被层的作用下,使得0~10 cm表层土壤的持水性最好;因放牧践踏导致林地10~30 cm土层的土壤板结密实,持水性较差;30~50 cm土层土壤的持水性居中。通过研究还拟合得出了该林地土壤水分再分布、土壤水分特征曲线及土壤比水容量的参数。为该地区退耕还林还草、林业生态建设和森林水文效益评价提供了可靠依据。